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# Schwartz Lab

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://schwartzlab.ca/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Pages

- [SCHWARTZ LAB](https://schwartzlab.ca/) - Decoding disease through cutting-edge algorithms
- [Publications](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/)
- [Team](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/) - We are a team of biologists, computer scientists, mathematicians with a common mission of exploring cell state.
- [News](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/)
- [Attribution](https://schwartzlab.ca/attribution/) - This site has been created with the help of many different people and companies.This site was built on a powerful, Inspirations based web builder called BoldGrid. It is running on WordPress, the most popular content management software online today. Additional functionality provided by: WP Canvas - Gallery
- [Research](https://schwartzlab.ca/research/) - Chemotherapy and targeted drugs are effective treatments against cancer, but commonly lead to treatment-resistant cancer cells. Cancer heterogeneity is known to play a significant role in contributing towards this resistance. In order to overcome treatment-resistance in cancer, our goal is to develop new computational methods and algorithms to quantify and visualize cancer heterogeneity to better
- [Software](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/) - Selected software from the lab
- [Contact](https://schwartzlab.ca/contact/) - Please let us know if you want to join us or have any questions!

## Team

- [Leo Cui](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/449/)
- [Richard Dong](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/richard-dong/)
- [Sabrina Xi](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/sabrina-xi/)
- [Chloe Nichole Calica](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/chloe-nichole-calica/)
- [Viet Hoang](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/viet-hoang/)
- [Bruno Saleme](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/bruno-saleme/)
- [Joshua Li](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/josh-li/)
- [Tingxiao (Victoria) Gao](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/tingxiao-victoria-gao/) - V
- [Lin Yang](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/lin-yang/)
- [Almas Khan](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/almas-khan/)
- [Deisha Paliwal](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/deisha-paliwal/)
- [Ho Seok Lee](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/ho-seok-lee/)
- [Wendy Chen](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/wendy-chen/)
- [Christie Lau](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/christie-lau/)
- [Javier Ruiz-Ramírez](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/javier-ruiz-ramirez/)
- [Fatema Zohora](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/fatema-zohora/)
- [Gregory Schwartz](https://schwartzlab.ca/team/gregory-schwartz/)

## Research

- [A multi-omic portrait](https://schwartzlab.ca/research_areas/a-multi-omic-portrait/) - Recent advances in genomics technologies have enabled measurements of multiple data modalities at once. While we previously were limited to measuring the transcriptome or the epigenome, we may now measure both data modalities within a single cell, or identify the precise location in situ of a cell in tissue along with their cell surface proteins,
- [Cancer cell evolution](https://schwartzlab.ca/research_areas/cancer-cell-evolution/) - The cellular diversity within a tumor, or intratumoral heterogeneity, correlates with poor prognosis, relapse, and patient mortality. A major factor in these outcomes may be associated with drug resistance, which is responsible for the majority of cancer patient mortalities while receiving treatments such as chemotherapy and targeted drugs. To better understand treatment-resistant populations, we are
- [Cellular organization and communication](https://schwartzlab.ca/research_areas/cellular-organization-and-communication/) - While all cells within an organism share a similar genome, they exhibit an enormous amount of phenotypic and functional diversity. While this diversity is partly due to internal factors such as the transcriptome and epigenome defining cellular “programs”, even identical cell types exhibit different tissue-specific programs, suggesting cell-external factors contributing to functional diversity. Indeed, cells

## Software

- [CellNEST](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/nest/) - Detection of cell-cell communication networks and relay networks on spatial transcriptomic data.
- [NEST-Interactive](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/nest-interactive/) - Interactive visualizations of cell-cell communication.
- [TooManyCellsInteractive](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/toomanycellsinteractive/)
- [TooManyCells](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/toomanycells/) - Cluster single cells and analyze cell clade relationships with colorful visualizations.
- [TooManyPeaks](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/toomanypeaks/) - TooManyPeaks is an extensiion of TooManyCells for support with scATAC-seq data.
- [find-clumpiness](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/find-clumpiness/) - Find the clumpiness of labels in a Haskell or JSON formatted tree.
- [heatitup](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/heatitup/) - Find and annotate ITDs using suffix trees and characterize the exogenous segments within the spacer using heat diffusion.
- [birch-beer](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/birch-beer/) - Generate a tree for displaying a hierarchy of groups with colors, scaling, and more.
- [clumpiness](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/clumpiness/) - Library for measuring clumpiness of a hierarchical container such as a tree or dendrogram.
- [convert-annotation](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/convert-annotation/) - Convert the annotation of a gene to another in a delimited file using a variety of different databases.
- [differential](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/differential/) - Finds out whether an entity comes from different distributions (statuses).
- [diversity](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/diversity/) - Calculates the diversity of each position in a fasta file.
- [fasta](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/fasta/) - A simple, mindless parser for fasta files.
- [heatitup-complete](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/heatitup-complete/) - Find and annotate ITDs with assembly or read pair joining using suffix trees and characterize the exogenous segments within the spacer using heat diffusion. A layer on top of heatitup for additional functionality such as working with BAM files directly.
- [hierarchical-spectral-clustering](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/hierarchical-spectral-clustering/) - Hierarchical spectral clustering of a graph.
- [inteGREAT](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/integreat/) - Integrate difference data sources and optionally perform differential integration.
- [modify-fasta](https://schwartzlab.ca/software/modify-fasta/) - Modify fasta files in several ways.

## News

- [Gregory presents at the CEEHRC 11th Annual Canadian Conference on Epigenetics](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/ceehrc/) - The talk was titled: Following every hunch in the bunch: a combinatorial pipeline approach to omics data. Here's the link to the conference.
- [Richard presents his poster "SPAGHETTI enhances phase contrast microscopy quantitative analyses using large-scale H&E morphological models through a generative deep learning approach" at ISMB/ECCB 2025!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/richard-presents-his-poster-spaghetti-enhances-phase-contrast-microscopy-quantitative-analyses-using-large-scale-he-morphological-models-through-a-generative-deep-learning-approach-at-ismb-eccb-2/) - ich
- [Christie presents her poster "Does single-cell gene expression reflect RNA abundance?" at AACR 2025!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/christie-presents-her-poster-does-single-cell-gene-expression-reflect-rna-abundance-at-aacr-2025/)
- [Gregory presents at the Data Sciences Institute: AI in Genomics!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-presents-at-the-data-sciences-institute-ai-in-genomics/)
- [The Schwartz Lab receives The Manchester-Melbourne-Toronto (MMT) Research Fund!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/the-schwartz-lab-receives-the-manchester-melbourne-toronto-mmt-research-fund/) - e S
- [Gregory presents at the Allan Slaight Breakthrough Forum: From Tumour Complexity to Translational Breakthroughs!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-presents-at-the-allan-slaight-breakthrough-forum-from-tumour-complexity-to-translational-breakthroughs/) - y
- [The Schwartz Lab receives a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Project Grant!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/the-schwartz-lab-receives-a-canadian-institutes-of-health-research-project-grant/)
- [Gregory presents at the Manchester Cancer Research Centre!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-presents-at-the-manchester-cancer-research-centre/)
- [The Schwartz Lab receives TRANSCAN-3 funding as part of a multinational project for biliary tract cancer!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/the-schwartz-lab-receives-transcan-3-funding-as-part-of-a-multinational-project-for-biliary-tract-cancer/)
- [Richard's manuscript "SPAGHETTI leverages massive H&E morphological models for phase contrast microscopy images with a generative deep learning approach" is now on bioRxiv!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/richards-publication-spaghetti-leverages-massive-he-morphological-models-for-phase-contrast-microscopy-images-with-a-generative-deep-learning-approach-is-now-on-biorxiv/)
- [Fatema, Deisha, Joshua, and Victoria's article "CellNEST reveals cell–cell relay networks using attention mechanisms on spatial transcriptomics" is now published in Nature Methods!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/fatema-deisha-joshua-and-victorias-article-cellnest-reveals-cell-cell-relay-networks-using-attention-mechanisms-on-spatial-transcriptomics-is-now-published-in-nature-methods/) - Paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-025-02721-3 Code: https://github.com/schwartzlab-methods/CellNEST Code: https://github.com/schwartzlab-methods/CellNEST-interactive
- [Gregory is a co-author on "Enhancer-promoter hubs organize transcriptional networks promoting oncogenesis and drug resistance" in collaboration with the Faryabi lab!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-is-a-co-author-on-enhancer-promoter-hubs-organize-transcriptional-networks-promoting-oncogenesis-and-drug-resistance-in-collaboration-with-the-faryabi-lab/)
- [Lin, Ho Seok, and Gregory are co-authors on "An inflammatory state defines a high-risk T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia subgroup" in collaboration with the Tikhonova lab!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/lin-ho-seok-and-gregory-are-co-authors-on-an-inflammatory-state-defines-a-high-risk-t-lineage-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-subgroup-in-collaboration-with-the-tikhonova-lab/)
- [Conor, Christie, and Javier's article "TooManyCellsInteractive: A visualization tool for dynamic exploration of single-cell data" is now published in GigaScience!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/conor-christie-and-javiers-article-toomanycellsinteractive-a-visualization-tool-for-dynamic-exploration-of-single-cell-data-is-now-published-in-gigascience/) - Try it: https://tmci.schwartzlab.ca Paper: https://academic.oup.com/gigascience/article/doi/10.1093/gigascience/giae056/7738847 Code: https://github.com/schwartzlab-methods/too-many-cells-interactive Code for TooManyCells (à la Python): https://github.com/schwartzlab-methods/too-many-cells-python
- [Fatema, Josh, and Deisha's preprint "NEST: Spatially-mapped cell-cell communication patterns using a deep learning-based attention mechanism" is out now on bioRxiv!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/fatema-josh-and-deishas-preprint-nest-spatially-mapped-cell-cell-communication-patterns-using-a-deep-learning-based-attention-mechanism-is-out-now-on-biorxiv/)
- [Richard, Almas, and Victoria receive Ontario Graduate Scholarships, congrats!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/richard-almas-and-victoria-receive-ontario-graduate-scholarships-congrats/)
- [Richard (Ph.D. student) and Victoria (Masters student) join the lab. Welcome!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/richard-and-victoria-join-the-lab-as-ph-d-students-welcome/)
- [Deisha joins the lab as a Master's student. Welcome!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/deisha-joins-the-lab-as-a-masters-student-welcome/)
- [Deisha receives the Canada Graduate Scholarships - Master’s program! Way to go!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/deisha-receives-the-canada-graduate-scholarships-masters-program-way-to-go/)
- [In collaboration with the Faryabi lab, our new paper “AnnoSpat annotates cell types and quantifies cellular arrangements from spatial proteomics” is out on Nature Communications!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/in-collaboration-with-the-faryabi-lab-our-new-paper-annospat-annotates-cell-types-and-quantifies-cellular-arrangements-from-spatial-proteomics-is-out-on-nature-communications/)
- [Gregory presents at the Biophysics Seminar Series at the University of Toronto](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-presents-at-the-biophysics-seminar-series-at-the-university-of-toronto/)
- [Gregory is featured on Meet PM Research!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-is-featured-on-meet-pm-research/) - Read about it here: https://www.uhnresearch.ca/news/meet-dr-schwartz-pmresearch
- [Fatema, Christie, Lin, and Almas present at the CBMP retreat and Fatema wins best poster presentation!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/fatema-christie-lin-and-almas-presented-at-the-cbmp-retreat-and-fatema-won-best-poster-presentation/)
- [Deisha presents at the MBP Summer Student Poster day and wins best poster. Congrats!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/deisha-presents-at-the-mbp-summer-student-poster-day-and-wins-best-poster-congrats/) - Deisha wins the Arthur Axelrad award for the top research poster displayed at the Summer Student Poster Day.
- [Christie is awarded the Data Sciences Institute Doctoral Student Fellowship, way to go!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/christie-is-awarded-the-data-sciences-institute-doctoral-student-fellowship-way-to-go/) - Find more about her award here: https://datasciences.utoronto.ca/data-sciences-institute-announces-doctoral-student-fellows-for-2023/
- [Conor and Christie's article "TooManyCellsInteractive: a visualization tool for dynamic exploration of single-cell data" is on bioRxiv!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/conor-and-christies-article-toomanycellsinteractive-a-visualization-tool-for-dynamic-exploration-of-single-cell-data-is-on-biorxiv/) - Check out the paper here: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.544954v1 Explore the tool here: https://github.com/schwartzlab-methods/too-many-cells-interactive
- [Javier Ruiz Ramirez joins the lab as a postdoctoral researcher, welcome!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/javier-ruiz-ramirez-joins-the-lab-as-a-postdoctoral-researcher-welcome/)
- [Gregory joins the Vector Institute as a Faculty Affiliate](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-joins-the-vector-institute-as-a-faculty-affiliate/)
- [Lin and Almas present at the Medical Biophysics Symposium](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/lin-and-almas-present-at-the-medical-biophysics-symposium/)
- [Fatema is featured in an article on Schmidt AI in Science Postdocs!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/fatema-is-featured-in-an-article-on-schmidt-ai-in-science-postdocs/)
- [Fatema is awarded the Eric and Wendy Schmidt AI in Science Postdoctoral Fellowship](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/fatema-is-awarded-the-eric-and-wendy-schmidt-ai-in-science-postdoctoral-fellowship/)
- [The Schwartz Lab is awarded the NSERC Discovery Grant!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/the-schwartz-lab-is-awarded-the-nserc-discovery-grant/)
- [The Tikhonova and Schwartz Labs are awarded the SSHRC New Frontiers in Research Fund!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/anastasia-and-gregory-are-awarded-the-sshrc-new-frontiers-in-research-fund/)
- [Deisha Paliwal join the lab as a summer student](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/deisha-paliwal-join-the-lab-as-a-summer-student/)
- [Christie passes her qualifiers! Way to go!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/christie-passes-her-qualifiers-way-to-go/)
- [Gregory presents at the 2023 Artathon](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-presents-at-the-2023-artathon/)
- [Gregory presents at the Transcription, Chromatin and Epigenetics (TranCE) Club](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-presents-at-the-transcription-chromatin-and-epigenetics-trance-club/)
- [Fatema is awarded the Next Generation Research Fellowship Fund](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/fatema-is-awarded-the-next-generation-research-fellowship-fund/) - Fatema is awarded the Next Generation Research Fellowship Fund, congrats!
- [Gregory is awarded the Canada Research Chair in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-is-awarded-the-canada-research-chair-in-bioinformatics-and-computational-biology/) - Gregory is now the Canada Research Chair in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. Read more about the award at UHN and the Chairs website.
- [Almas Khan joins the lab as a PhD student!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/almas-khan-joins-the-lab-as-a-phd-student/) - Almas Khan from the Department of Medical Biophysics joins the lab.
- [Lin Yang joins the lab as a PhD student!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/lin-yang-joins-the-lab-as-a-phd-student/) - Lin Yang from the Department of Medical Biophysics joins the lab.
- [Our tools were highlighted at the Data Sciences Institute!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/our-tools-were-highlighted-at-the-data-sciences-institute/) - Conor Klamann’s work on an interactive TooManyCells interface is absolutely incredible and featured by the Data Sciences Institute. Check out the article at https://datasciences.utoronto.ca/building-data-science-software-to-help-the-fight-against-cancer/
- [Ho Seok Lee joins the lab as a Software Developer!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/ho-seok-lee-joins-the-lab-as-a-software-developer/) - Ho Seok Lee joins the lab as a Software Developer, welcome!
- [Fatema Zohora joins the lab as a Postdocal Fellow!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/fatema-zohora-joins-the-lab-as-a-postdocal-fellow/) - Fatema Zohora joins the lab as a Postdocal Fellow, welcome!
- [Gregory presents at the Summer Student Seminar](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-presents-at-the-summer-student-seminar/) - Gregory presents at the Summer Student Seminar.
- [Christie presents at the DSI Student-Led Reproducibility Challenge](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/christie-presents-at-the-dsi-student-led-reproducibility-challenge/) - Christie presents at the DSI Student-Led Reproducibility Challenge.
- [Gregory presents at the Leukemia Academic Rounds](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/gregory-presents-at-the-leukemia-academic-rounds/) - Gregory presents at the Leukemia Academic Rounds.
- [The Schwartz Lab receives support from the DSI Research Software Development Support Program](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/the-schwartz-lab-receives-support-from-the-dsi-research-software-development-support-program/) - The Schwartz lab receives support from the Data Science Institute Research Software Development Support Program. Featured in: https://datasciences.utoronto.ca/advancing-data-science-discovery-via-software-development-support/
- [Christie Lau joins the lab as a PhD student!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/christie-lau-joins-the-lab-as-a-phd-student/) - Christie Lau from the Department of Medical Biophysics joins the lab.
- [The Schwartz Lab receives the CCS Challenge Grant](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/the-schwartz-lab-receives-the-ccs-challenge-grant/) - The Schwartz lab receives the Canadian Cancer Society Challenge Grant with Catherine O’Brien to study drug-tolerant persisters.
- [Viet Hoang joins the lab as a Bioinformatics Analyst!](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/numquam-temporibus-quidem-fugit-porro/) - Viet Hoang joins the lab as a Bioinformatics Analyst, welcome!
- [Lab Opening](https://schwartzlab.ca/news/quas-ea-laborum-iure-cum-ad-quos/) - The lab is opening in October! Join our team to help develop new methods and algorithms to help us understand treatment-resistance in cancer and create new computational tools to improve diagnosis and guide therapy. We are accepting applications for all levels, from graduate student to postdoctoral fellow, as well as software engineers and bioinformaticians.

## Publications

- [SPAGHETTI leverages massive H&E morphological models for phase contrast microscopy images with a generative deep learning approach](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/spaghetti-leverages-massive-he-morphological-models-for-phase-contrast-microscopy-images-with-a-generative-deep-learning-approach/)
- [CellNEST reveals cell–cell relay networks using attention mechanisms on spatial transcriptomics](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/cellnest-reveals-cell-cell-relay-networks-using-attention-mechanisms-on-spatial-transcriptomics/)
- [An inflammatory state defines a high-risk T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia subgroup](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/an-inflammatory-state-defines-a-high-risk-t-lineage-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-subgroup/)
- [Enhancer-promoter hubs organize transcriptional networks promoting oncogenesis and drug resistance](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/enhancer-promoter-hubs-organize-transcriptional-networks-promoting-oncogenesis-and-drug-resistance/)
- [TooManyCellsInteractive: A visualization tool for dynamic exploration of single-cell data](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/toomanycellsinteractive-a-visualization-tool-for-dynamic-exploration-of-single-cell-data-2/)
- [AnnoSpat annotates cell types and quantifies cellular arrangements from spatial proteomics](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/annospat-annotates-cell-types-and-quantifies-cellular-arrangements-from-spatial-proteomics-nat-commun-15-3744-2024/)
- [NEST: Spatially-mapped cell-cell communication patterns using a deep learning-based attention mechanism](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/nest-spatially-mapped-cell-cell-communication-patterns-using-a-deep-learning-based-attention-mechanism/)
- [TooManyCells identifies and visualizes relationships of single-cell clades.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/toomanycells-identifies-and-visualizes-relationships-of-single-cell-clades/)
- [AnnoSpat annotates cell types and quantifies cellular arrangements from spatial proteomics](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/annospat-annotates-cell-types-and-quantifies-cellular-arrangements-from-spatial-proteomics/)
- [Single-cell multi-omics analysis of human pancreatic islets reveals novel cellular states in type 1 diabetes.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/single-cell-multi-omics-analysis-of-human-pancreatic-islets-reveals-novel-cellular-states-in-type-1-diabetes/)
- [TooManyCellsInteractive: a visualization tool for dynamic exploration of single-cell data](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/toomanycellsinteractive-a-visualization-tool-for-dynamic-exploration-of-single-cell-data/)
- [TooManyPeaks identifies drug-resistant-specific regulatory elements from single-cell leukemic epigenomes.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/toomanypeaks-identifies-drug-resistant-specific-regulatory-elements-from-single-cell-leukemic-epigenomes/)
- [Classes of ITD predict outcomes in AML patients treated with FLT3 inhibitors.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/classes-of-itd-predict-outcomes-in-aml-patients-treated-with-flt3-inhibitors/)
- [Oncogenic Notch Promotes Long-Range Regulatory Interactions within Hyperconnected 3D Cliques.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/oncogenic-notch-promotes-long-range-regulatory-interactions-within-hyperconnected-3d-cliques/)
- [Serine substitutions are linked to codon usage and differ for variable and conserved protein regions.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/serine-substitutions-are-linked-to-codon-usage-and-differ-for-variable-and-conserved-protein-regions/)
- [Trib1 regulates T cell differentiation during chronic infection by restraining the effector program.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/trib1-regulates-t-cell-differentiation-during-chronic-infection-by-restraining-the-effector-program/)
- [Differential integration of transcriptome and proteome identifies pan-cancer prognostic biomarkers.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/differential-integration-of-transcriptome-and-proteome-identifies-pan-cancer-prognostic-biomarkers/)
- [An atlas of B cell clonal distribution in the human body.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/an-atlas-of-b-cell-clonal-distribution-in-the-human-body/)
- [Using a novel clumpiness measure to unite data with metadata: finding common sequence patterns in immune receptor germline V genes.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/using-a-novel-clumpiness-measure-to-unite-data-with-metadata-finding-common-sequence-patterns-in-immune-receptor-germline-v-genes/)
- [Utilization of HIV-1 envelope V3 to identify X4- and R5-specific Tat and LTR sequence signatures.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/utilization-of-hiv-1-envelope-v3-to-identify-x4-and-r5-specific-tat-and-ltr-sequence-signatures/)
- [Trials and Tribulations with VH Replacement.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/trials-and-tribulations-with-vh-replacement/)
- [Germline Amino Acid Diversity in B Cell Receptors is a Good Predictor of Somatic Selection Pressures.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/germline-amino-acid-diversity-in-b-cell-receptors-is-a-good-predictor-of-somatic-selection-pressures/)
- [Conserved variation: identifying patterns of stability and variability in BCR and TCR V genes with different diversity and richness metrics.](https://schwartzlab.ca/publications/conserved-variation-identifying-patterns-of-stability-and-variability-in-bcr-and-tcr-v-genes-with-different-diversity-and-richness-metrics/)